Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms or bacteria that destroy the tooth structure, leading to holes in the teeth. It is one of the most common oral health issues, capable of causing pain, infection, and eventual tooth loss if left untreated.
Warning Signs of Dental Cavities
- Toothache
- Tooth sensitivity – mild to sharp pain when eating or drinking something sweet, hot, or cold
- Pain when you bite down
- Visible pits or holes in your teeth
- Black, brown, or white stains on any tooth surface
How Do We Get Cavities?
Cavities are caused by acids produced by bacteria in dental plaque—a soft, thin film of bacteria and food debris that forms on the teeth within 24 hours of cleaning. Additional causes include:
- Poor oral hygiene
- Not using antibacterial mouthwash daily
- Dry mouth
- Broken teeth
- Disease conditions such as HIV, AIDS, diabetes mellitus
- High blood pressure
- Kidney and liver problems
- Use of tobacco
- Improper nutrition
- Consumption of excess sugars
Risk Factors for Dental Caries
- Poor dental hygiene
- Dry mouth (inadequate salivation)
- Excessive consumption of sugary, starchy, or acidic foods and drinks
- Loss of gum tissue
- Smoking
How Is Tooth Decay Diagnosed?
- Asking about symptoms such as tooth pain and sensitivity
- Visual examination of the mouth and teeth
- Checking for soft spots with dental instruments
- Dental X-rays to assess cavity depth and spread
Treatment Options for Dental Caries
- Dental fillings: Composite resins or ceramics used after removing decay. Restores tooth shape and function.
- Root canal treatment: Recommended when decay reaches deep tooth structures. Removes infection and preserves the tooth.
- Dental crown: Used when a tooth is weak or has a large filling. Protects and restores function after a root canal.
- Tooth extraction: Necessary if the tooth is severely damaged and cannot be restored.
Complications of Dental Cavities
Although not life-threatening, untreated cavities can result in:
- Difficulty chewing
- Pain
- Tooth damage or loss
- Tooth sensitivity
- Pus formation (abscess)
What Can You Do to Prevent Dental Cavities?
- Brush twice daily using proper technique
- Use dental floss or interdental brushes
- Choose fluoride-based toothpaste, gel, or mouthwash
- Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables
- Reduce sugary food and drink intake
- Drink plenty of water to flush away debris
- Chew sugar-free gum to boost saliva production
- Visit your dentist at least twice a year
Do’s and Don’ts in Preventing Dental Caries
Do’s:- Brush your teeth twice daily
- See your dentist regularly
- Consume fibre-rich vegetables and fruits
- Do not consume excessive sugars
- Do not sleep with your mouth open
- Do not smoke
Conclusion
Dental caries is a preventable and treatable condition when diagnosed early. Maintaining proper oral hygiene, avoiding risk factors, and receiving timely dental care are essential steps in protecting your teeth and preserving your smile.
